2011考研英语(二)真题参考答案与解析
Section I Use of English
1.【正确答案】[A]
[考点 动词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] swept席卷 [B] skipped跳过 [C] walked走过 [D] ridden搭乘
[解析] 原文that has ____ across the Web为定语从句,修饰前面the explosion of cyber-crime。既然网络犯罪已经是爆炸式的,可见其范围广,因而应该是“席卷整个网络”,其他选项均不符合题意,因此答案为[A]。
2.【正确答案】[C]
[考点 介词辨析及句子结构分析
[选项] [A] for因为 [B] within在...之内 [C] while同时 [D] though尽管
[解析] 此句提出疑问,安全保障和隐私的保护,二者能否得兼,因此[C]为答案。
3.【正确答案】[B]
[考点 形容词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] careless粗心的 [B] lawless无法度的 [C] pointless无意义的 [D] helpless无助的
[解析] 前端末尾提到网络犯罪泛滥,可见世界是日益无法度的,因此答案为[B]。
4.【正确答案】[D]
[考点] 名词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] reason原因 [B] reminder提醒 [C] compromise妥协 [D] proposal建议
[解析] 原文Howard Schmidt…offer d the federal government a ____ to make the Web a safer place(Howard Schmidt向政府提出 ,目的是加强网络安全),根据逻辑分析,目的前必然是手段或措施,因此[D]为答案。
5.【正确答案】[D]
[考点] 名词辨析
[选项] [A] information信息 [B] interference干涉
[C] entertainment娱乐 [D] equivalent等同物
[解析] 原文a “voluntary trusted identity” system的具体内容为:a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card,根据逻辑只能选[D];其他三项都不符合逻辑。
6.【正确答案】[B]
[考点 介词辨析及固定搭配
[选项] [A] by通过 [B] into成为 [C] from来自 [D] over超越
[解析] 原文all rolled ____ one中all指代前文a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card即“前面三者集于一体”,be rolled into one是“集于一体”的意思,因此答案为[B]。
7.【正确答案】[A]
[考点 动词辨析及语义理解
[选项][A] linked连接 [B] directed指向 [C] chained锁住 [D] compared比较
[解析] 原文The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.(该系统可以将只能身份证明或数字身份证 到特殊的电脑,从而在一系列的在线服务中证明用户的身份);根据常识,应为与电脑连接的数字证件;据此其他选项不符合语义。故答案选[A]
8.【正确答案】[C]
[考点 动词辨析及句子结构分析
[选项][A] dismiss解散 [B] discover发现 [C] create创建 [D] improve提高
[解析] 分析原文“The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems.”的结构可知:The idea是一个想法,而“a federation of private online identity systems.”是预期目标,带入四个选项可知,答案C符合题意。
9.【正确答案】[C]
[考点 动词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] recall回忆 [B] suggest暗示 [C] select选择 [D] realize意识到
[解析] 原文“Users could which system to join”中,which表示哪一个,暗含选择之意,由此可确定答案C正确。
10.【正确答案】[B]
[考点 动词辨析与语义理解
[选项] [A] released释放/发行 [B] issued颁发 [C] distributed分发 [D] delivered递送
[解析] 根据原文“ The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license by the government.”中关键信息“driver’s license”和“government”之间的关系,带入选项可知B符合题意。
11.【正确答案】[D]
[考点 词组辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] carry on从事 [B] linger on徘徊 [C] set in开始 [D] log in注册
[解析] 根据原文“make it possible for user ____ just once but use many different services” 可知,在“use ..service”之前必须要完成一个步骤,根据常识可知是:注册和登录;带入四个选项,D符合题意。
12.【正确答案】[B]
[考点 词组辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] In vain无用的 [B] In effect事实上
[C] In return作为回报 [D] In contrast相反
[解析] 此处起到承上启下的作用。前两段指出the approach的运行原理。此处指出其效果,因此答案为[B]。
13.【正确答案】[A]
[考点] 形容词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] trusted可靠的 [B] modernized现代化的
[C] thriving繁荣的 [D] competing竞争的
[解析] 本句是说:该方法会打造一个“带围墙的花园”,有可靠的邻居和明亮的路灯,形成有 的社区。可靠的邻居,明亮的路灯都给人以安全感,是可靠的,因此选项[A]符合题意。
14.【正确答案】[C]
[考点 名词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] caution谨慎 [B] delight开心 [C] confidence信任 [D] patience耐心
[解析] 空后trusting the identities of…and the identities of …得知,此句中complete online transactions(完成网络交易)的状态应为“放心的”,因此答案为[C]。
15.【正确答案】[A]
[考点 介词辨析及句子结构分析
[选项] [A] on在...上 [B] after在...后 [C] beyond超出 [D] across贯穿
[解析] 原文the infrastructure ____ which the transaction runs中,which引导定语从句,修饰前面the infrastructure,与infrastructure搭配的介词应该是on,表示在交易平台上,因此答案为[A]。
16.【正确答案】[A]
[考点 动词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] divided分歧 [B] disappointed失望 [C] protected保护 [D] united联合
[解析] 根据空格下文关键信息“some applaud the approach; others are concerned”中的对比关系可知,选项A符合题意。
17.【正确答案】[D]
[考点 副词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] frequently频繁地 [B] incidentally偶然地
[C] occasionally偶尔地 [D] eventually最终
[解析] 原文such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would ____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality中,push toward表示前后内容的递进、发展,前者为initiative为开始,后者应为表示时间上的递进,只有eventually符合要求,因此答案为[D]。
18.【正确答案】[A]
[考点 名词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] skepticism怀疑 [B] tolerance容忍
[C] indifference漠不关心 [D] enthusiasm热情
[解析] 计算机专家对此计划是 worry,可见其态度是怀疑的,故答案为[A]。
19.【正确答案】[C]
[考点] 形容词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] manageable可控的 [B] defendable可防御的
[C] vulnerable易受攻击的 [D] invisible无形的
[解析] 计算机专家担心该系统会使网络 __ ,即为担忧,说明对网络时不好的,因而答案为[C]。
20.【正确答案】[D]
[考点 动词辨析及语义理解
[选项] [A] invited受邀 [B] appointed受任 [C] allowed被允许 [D] forced强迫
[解析] 根据原文“They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.”(他们要求所有网络用户应该被 注册认证,如同所有司机都要有驾驶证一样)可知:这里应该是表示强制性的行为,只有force由此含义。因此答案为[D]。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21. 【答案】B
【选项】 [A]获得过高利益 [B]没能履行自己的职责 [C]拒绝做出妥协 [D]在艰难时期离开董事会
【解析】文章第一段But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?(然而到2009年底,她却因任职于高盛公司薪酬委员会而受到攻击:她怎么能没有注意到那些巨额奖金的发放呢?)说明她没有能够履行自己的职责,故B是正确答案。
22. 【答案】D
【选项】[A]慷慨的投资者 [B]无偏见的主管 [C]股价预测员 [D]独立的顾问
【解析】第二段首句Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board.(外部董事应该是有益,少偏见的顾问),可见是相对独立的顾问,故选D。A、C属于无中生有,B中unbiased与原文less biased属于偷换概念。
23. 【答案】C
【选项】[A]变得更稳定 [B]申报增加的收益 [C]股市表现不佳 [D]在诉讼案件中表现不佳
【解析】文章第三段They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. (他们发现外部董事蹊跷离职后,公司随之重申收入的可能性增加了20%。在联邦法院受理的集体起诉案件中被涉及的可能性也会增加,在股市表现会更糟糕),故答案选C。
24. 【答案】A
【选项】[A]可能因为公司的诱人条件而留下 [B]在公司里往往留下劣迹
[C]习惯于公司里没有压力的工作 [D]会拒绝公司的激励
【解析】Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.(想要在困难时期留住外部董事,公司必须创造激励),所以A为正确答案。B和C两项为无中生有,D正好与文章信息相反。
25. 【答案】B
【选项】 [A]宽容放任的 [B]积极的 [C]轻蔑鄙视的 [D]批判的
【解析】文中Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board.( 外部董事应该是有益,少偏见的顾问)表明作者认为外部董事的角色应该是正面的,故答案选B。
Text 2
26.【答案】D
【选项】[A]无视危机信号 [B]没有得到政府救助 [C]不是慈善公司 [D]处于不利的处境
【解析】Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom(诸如《洛杉矶纪事》的报纸都记录着自己的厄运)doom一词表明报纸业处境不利。因此D选项为正确答案。
27.【答案】B
【选项】[A]读者威胁少付款 [B]报纸想减少成本
[C]记者关于这些地区的报道很少 [D]订阅者抱怨报纸变薄
【解析】文章第三段最后一句中these measures是说前面的是一系列的措施:裁减记者;售价上调,内容缩水;拒绝向偏远地区配送。显然,这么做的共同目的是减少成本,故B为正确答案。
28.【答案】C
【选项】[A]有更多的收入来源 [B]更均衡的新闻编辑部
[C]不太依赖广告 [D]不太受到读者的影响
【解析】文章第四段Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008... In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable. (其岁入的87%来源于广告,这一比例在日本为35%。无怪乎日本报纸更稳定)可见日本报业稳定的原因在于对广告依赖少。故答案为C。
29.【答案】A
【选项】[A]拥有自己的特色是现在报纸的一个重要特征 [B] 完整性是报纸失败的原因
[C]国外部在报纸业中起关键作用 [D] 读者对汽车和影评失去了兴趣
【解析】最后一段首句“...but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. (报社中最不具特色的部门损失惨重)”,说明现在的报纸要有自己的特色,因此A为正确答案。文中completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business(完整性已不再是报业的一种优秀品质),因此排除B选项。Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.(国外部被无情的精减)说明国外部不重要,C与文章相反。Car and film reviewers have gone(汽车和电影评论员黯然离开)只说明这两种报纸的消失,无法推论出读者对它的兴趣减少。
30.【答案】A
【选项】[A]美国报纸:努力求生存 [B] 美国报纸:随风而逝
[C] 美国报纸:繁荣产业 [D] 美国报纸:绝望的故事。文章从报
【解析】纸业过去的危机讲到现在报纸危机已过,各大报纸为之采取的措施以及成果,表明报纸业正在努力求生存。故答案为A。
Text 3
31.【答案】C
【选项】[A]繁荣与成长 [B]高效与实用 [C]克制与自信 [D]自豪与忠诚
【解析】文章第二段“....and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish”(这种克制以及战后对未来的自信造就了小而实用的住房风格。反推回去,战后美国住房风格反映了美国人的自信与克制。故C为正确答案。
32.【答案】D
【选项】[A] 由Ludwig Mies van der Rohe创建 [B]它的设计理念受二战影响
[C]大部分美国建筑师都与它有关联 [D]对美国的建筑风格产生了巨大影响
【解析】“The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies. ”(“少即是多”一词因以为德国建筑家而流行,他和其他Bauhaus学派的人一样,在二战前来到美国并在美国建筑学校任教。这些设计师对美国建筑进程产生了巨大影响),故答案为D。文中没有说明Bauhaus是Ludwig Mies van der Rohe创建,设计理念未被提及,也没说大多数美国建筑师都与之有关。
33.【答案】C
【选项】[A] 与大面积的空间有关 [B]与空旷等同
[C]不依赖于繁冗 [D]与简洁无关
【解析】文章第四段。Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. (他认为,优雅并不依赖与繁冗)。故C选项正确。
34.【答案】D
【选项】[A]它们忽略了细节和比例 [B]它们采用了当时流行的建筑材料
[C]它们比周围的建筑空间更大 [D]它们享有抽象艺术的一些特征
【解析】文章第五段中Mies建的房子比周围建筑更小,以其通风玻璃墙,景色及细节和比例中的优雅而流行,这些特点与当时的抽象艺术等同。故答案为D。
35.【答案】B
【选项】[A]机械装置得以广泛应用 [B]自然景观得以考虑
[C]为整体效果而牺牲了细节 [D] 采用了环保材料
【解析】最后一段第二句话Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing.(审美效果来自于自然景色,新材料的运用和明了的细节设计)可见B答案正确。A没有提及,C与文意相反,新材料不等于环保材料,故D错误。
Text 4
36.【答案】B
【选项】[A]它或多或少对市场失去了信心 [B] 即使它的支持者们也开始感到担忧
[C]一些成员国计划放弃欧元 [D]它打算否认货币贬值的可能性
【解析】第一段Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.(如今,即使是最热衷欧盟事业的人也在谈论欧洲所面临的百慕大三角问题)表明支持者们也担心欧盟的前途,故B选项正确。
37. 【答案】C
【选项】[A]争夺领导地位 [B]忙于处理他们的危机
[C] 未能就和谐达成共识 [D] 对于分解的步骤意见不一致
【解析】 第三段第二句话It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.(僵持的原因是欧元区的两大主导力量-法国和德国一致同意有必要在欧元区内实现更大的协调统一,但在对哪些方面进行协调统一这个问题上又存在分歧”),C选项为正确答案。
38.【答案】B
【选项】[A] 欧盟增加给贫穷地区的资金 [B] 实行更为严格的法规
[C] 经济协调只牵涉核心成员 [D] 欧盟成员的选举权得到保障
【解析】第四段首句Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, (德国认为必须对借贷、开支、和竞争实行更严格的规范才能拯救欧元)故B选项正确。
39.【答案】A
【选项】[A] 穷国更有可能得到资金 [B] 严格的资金政策将被用于穷国
[C] 贷款对于富国来说将可轻易获得 [D] 富国将基本上控制欧元基金
【解析】第五段 Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.(这意味着,政治家可对货币政策以及富国到穷国的再分配体制进行干预,其方式是通过共同的欧元债券或完全的财政转移对成员国政府提供低息借贷)再分配体制是从富国到穷国的,因而穷国更易获得资金。因此选A。
40. 【答案】D
【选项】[A]悲观 [B]绝望 [C]自负 [D]充满希望
【解析】文章最后一段作者认为It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block.(否认欧盟为时尚早,因为欧盟仍然是世界上最大的贸易区),可见作者持积极态度,因此答案选D。
Part B
41. 【答案】E
【解析】第六段He (指Lansley) said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4life campaign…选项E是对原文的复现。
42.【答案】D
【解析】第七段,“we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes — by setting strict limits”与选项D概念一致。
43.【答案】C
【解析】六段最后一句He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour. 比照选项,答案C符合原文。
44.【答案】B
【解析】第十段He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals — areas within takeaways cannot open. B选项是对此句的同义替换。Government替换了councils,ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools替换了impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals。
45.【答案】G
【解析】 第十一段A Department of Health spokesperson said: “...This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. ”(政府需要与企业达成一种新的“责任协议”建立在社会责任上,而不是国家规定),因此G为正确答案。
Section Ⅲ Translating
【参考译文】
谁曾想到信息技术行业与航空业产生的温室气体总量不相上下——约占全球二氧化碳排放总量的2%?
许多日常工作对环境造成的危害大得惊人。每一次谷歌搜索能释放0.2到0.7克的二氧化碳,释放量的多少取决于使用者为了获得“正确”答案搜索的次数。为了迅速向用户提供搜索结果,谷歌不得不在世界各地建立大型数据中心,安装大功率计算机。这些计算机不仅产生大量的二氧化碳,还释放许多热能,因此这些数据中心需要良好的空调设备,这又会耗费更多的能源。
不过,谷歌和其他大型技术供应商已经在严密地监控其数据中心的工作效率,并做出改进。监控只是减排的第一步,仍有太多问题需要解决,而且这不只是由大公司的事情。
Section Ⅳ Writing
Part A
【参考范文】
Dear Li Ming, I am so glad to hear that you have received the offer from Beijing University. Congratulations! There’s nothing surprise—I remember seeing how hard you have been working since childhood. Now you have the opportunity to learn physics, which you have a huge interest in, in one of the best universities in China. I feel extremely happy for you. Well, I want to share some reminders for university life with you. First of all, don’t forget your study. Second, take some time to know yourself well and make your own decisions. Third, enjoy your life as long as it’s under your control. I hope you will have a wonderful time. Sincerely yours, Zhang Wei |
Part B
【参考范文】
The chart above demonstrates clearly that some changes have taken place in terms of the car market of China. Based on the data of the chart, one can see that the percentage of domestic cars has been on a rise, while the sales percentage of cars made in Japan has experienced a decline. In the year of 2008, the percentage of cars made in China was nearly 25%, while, within no more than a year, it went up to nearly 33%. The percentage of cars made in Japan was 35% but it went down to 25% in 2009. It is of no difficulty for us to come up with some possible factors to account for this trend. At the top of the list, with the rapid development of our economy and society, more and more people prefer domestic products to foreign ones. It’s reported that approximately 55% of families in Chinese big cities have chosen cars made in China. In addition, we must admit that the government appeals to us to support our native industries. Last but not least, the fact cannot be ignored that the cars made in China are increasingly of high quality. Taking into account what have been argued, we can come to the conclusion that this established trend is positive and therefore acceptable. And I am firmly certain that this trend will continue in the years to come. |